Personal Vehicles Germany
Economic data, Personal Vehicles, Germany
This document contains preliminary numbers for economic data for personal vehicles in Germany.
Bold font rows are the final datapoints.
The values are good approximations, but they may still be subject to change.
Transport statistics
Yearly distances and longevity
ICE vehicles
Whilst vehicles are built to last much longer, a lot of them are scrapped while they are still functional because the maintenance costs make it uneconomical to keep them any longer. Several sources, e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_longevity agree on the expected lifetime (in kms) for a conventional (ICE) car being around 320,000 km. According to Mobility Sweden, the average age at which vehicles are scrapped in Sweden was at 17 years in 2019. To reflect that behaviour, we have chosen to use the economic life span as a parameter. (Mobility Sweden, https://mobilitysweden.se/statistik/bilismen-i-sverige/2019/fordonsbestand-och-mobilitet). We assume that similar behaviour applies to Germany 2021.
Battery electric vehicles
For electric vehicles, less data exists since they have note been on the market for equally long time. Several reports suggest that the battery is the “weakest” link in the electric car and also the most expensive part. Battery production and quality are progressing rapidly and reports suggest that they may soon be able to last up to 1,900,000 km. Anecdotal reports suggest that electric vehicles have surpassed 400,000 km and are still running fine (https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1112465_tesla-model-s-durability-cars-with-250k-and-300k-miles-still-humming-along-happily). As for the rest of the battery electric vehicles, the lower amount of moving parts suggests that they would last longer than ICE vehicles. For calculations in ClimateOS, we have assumed an average 300,000km for BEVs.
Table 1
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Average yearly distance, across all vehicles [1] | 12,843 | km |
| 1 | Economic useful life of a vehicle [2]* | 17 | yr |
| 2 | Expected longevity ICE vehicles‡ § | 200,000 | km |
| 3 | Expected longevity battery electric vehicles† | 300,000 | km |
* Assumption: applies to Germany as well.
† Assumption.
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle ‡\text{Product of } (0), (1)$
§Rounded to the nearest hundred thousand
References
[1]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.7
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html
[2]: Mobility Sweden
https://mobilitysweden.se/statistik/bilismen-i-sverige/2019/fordonsbestand-och-mobilitet
Ecomonic data
Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)
Table 2
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Average price new ICE vehicle [1]* | 36,000 | EUR |
| 1 | Additional cost EV [2]† | 7,000 | EUR |
| 2 | Average price new battery electric vehicle‡ | 43,000 | EUR |
* Rounded value
† Span 5000€ - 10000€
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle ‡\text{Sum of } (0), (1)$
References
[1]: Newspaper article
https://www.sueddeutsche.de/auto/autokosten-elektroautos-1.5384900
[2]: Commercial site
https://www.mobilityhouse.com/de_de/ratgeber/tco-vergleich-elektroauto-vs-benziner
Operational Expenditures (OPEX)
Fix yearly costs
Table 3
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Monthly fixed operating costs petrol vehicles, including insurance, test- and tax costs [1]* | 91 | EUR / month |
| 1 | Yearly fixed operating costs petrol vehicles [1]* ¶ | 1,092 | EUR |
| 2 | Tax cost petrol vehicles [2]† | 60 | EUR |
| 3 | Tax cost diesel vehicles [2]† | 250 | EUR |
| 4 | Tax cost battery electric vehicles [2]‡ | 0 | EUR |
| 5 | Yearly fixed costs excluding tax.** | 1,032 | EUR |
| 6 | Exhaust test costs [3]§ | 30 | EUR |
| 7 | Yearly fixed operating costs petrol vehicles [1]* ¶ §§ | 1,100 | EUR |
| 8 | Yearly fixed cost diesel vehicles†† §§ | 1,300 | EUR |
| 9 | Yearly fixed cost battery electric vehicles‡‡ §§ | 1,000 | EUR |
* Assumption: middle class petrol vehicle is representative.
† Example medium sized vehicle
‡ EVs are tax exempt for the first 10 years.
§ Only necessary for ICE vehicles
¶Converted from EUR/month to EUR / year
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle **(1) - (2)$
$\displaystyle ††\text{Sum of } (5), (3)$
$\displaystyle ‡‡(5) - (6)$
§§Rounded to the nearest hundred
References
[1]: Commercial site
https://www.verti.de/ratgeber/auto-kosten/
[2]: Bundesfinanzministerium, KFZ-Steuer-Rechner
https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/DE/Service/Apps_Rechner/KfzRechner/KfzRechner.html
[3]: Bussgeldkatalog.org
https://www.bussgeldkatalog.org/abgasuntersuchung-kosten/
Distance related yearly costs
Table 4
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Monthly distance related operating costs (service costs) ICE vehicles [1]* | 60 | EUR / month |
| 1 | Yearly distance related operating costs ICE vehicles [1]* † | 720 | EUR |
| 2 | Average yearly distance, across all vehicles [2] | 12,843 | km |
| 3 | Operational costs per distance, ICE vehicles‡ ¶ | 0.06 | EUR / km |
| 4 | Relation service costs of BEV to ICE vehicles [3] | 0.7 | |
| 5 | Operational cost per distance, BEV§ ¶ | 0.04 | EUR / km |
* Assumption: middle class vehicle is representative.
†Converted from EUR/month to EUR / year
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle ‡(1) / (2)$
$\displaystyle §\text{Product of } (3), (4)$
¶Rounded to the nearest hundredth
References
[1]: Commercial site
https://www.verti.de/ratgeber/auto-kosten/
[2]: See Table 1
[3]: Commercial site
https://www.mobilityhouse.com/de_de/ratgeber/tco-vergleich-elektroauto-vs-benziner#wartung
Externalities
Air pollution
NOx emissions
Umweltbundesamt has estimated the NOx emissions from cars in the following document: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/366/bilder/dateien/uba_emissionstabelle_personenverkehr_2020.pdf No distinction has been made between diesel and petrol cars, we therefore assume, the same number for both cars.
Particle emissions
Umweltbundesamt has estimated the particle emissions from cars in the following document: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/366/bilder/dateien/uba_emissionstabelle_personenverkehr_2020.pdf No distinction has been made between PM2.5 and PM10, therefore, we assume a split of half of the amount each between the particle sizes. We assume the same amount of PM10 as PM2.5 These emissions are solely from combustion, no particle emissions from road abrasion or break ware are avaliable. Therefore, we cannot estimate those numbers. Data from other countries however shows similar numbers from combustion and wear and tear.
Table 5
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Estimated NOx emissions per person-km [1]* | 0.38 | g / pkm |
| 1 | Estimated PM2.5, PM10 emissions combustion only per person-km [1]† | 0.006 | g / pkm |
| 2 | Estimated car occupancy‡ | 1.4 | |
| 3 | NOx emissions per vehicle-km§ | 0.532 | g / vkm |
| 4 | PM2.5 and PM10 emissions combustion only per vehicle-km¶ | 0.0084 | g / vkm |
| 5 | Estimated PM2.5 and PM10 emissions wear and tear per vehicle-km‡ | 0.0084 | g / vkm |
* Assumption: same number for both diesel and petrol vehicles
† Assumptions: same number for both diesel and petrol vehicles, same number for PM10 as for PM2.5
‡ Assumed number
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle §\text{Product of } (0), (2)$
$\displaystyle ¶\text{Product of } (1), (2)$
References
[1]: Umweltbundesamt
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/366/bilder/dateien/uba_emissionstabelle_personenverkehr_2020.pdf
Noise costs
Table 6
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Noise cost from personal vehicles per capita 2017 [1] | 22.3 | EUR |
| 1 | Population of Germany 2017 [2] | 82,800,000 | |
| 2 | Total noise costs from personal vehicles Germany 2017.* | 1,846,440,000 | EUR |
| 3 | Total distance driven by personal vehicles 2017 [3] | 630,836,652,000 | km |
| 4 | Noise cost per vehicle-km 2017† | 0.00292697007085124 | EUR / km |
| 5 | Consumer price index Germany 2017, January [4] | 100.6 | EUR |
| 6 | Consumer price index Germany 2022, January [4] | 111.5 | EUR |
| 7 | Price increase 2017 to 2022‡ | 1.10834990059642 | |
| 8 | Noise cost per vehicle-km 2021§ ¶ | 0.003 | EUR / km |
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle *\text{Product of } (0), (1)$
$\displaystyle †(2) / (3)$
$\displaystyle ‡(6) / (5)$
$\displaystyle §\text{Product of } (4), (7)$
¶Rounded to the nearest thousandth
References
[1]: Mobilitätsforum Bund, NRVP 2020 - Welche Kosten verursachen verschiedene Verkehrsmittel wirklich?
https://www.mobilitaetsforum.bund.de/DE/Themen/Wissenspool/Projekte/Projektbeispiele/Projekte/Downloads/17456_Download_3.pdf
[2]: Statistisches Bundesamt
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/_inhalt.html
[3]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.7
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html
[4]: Statistisches Bundesamt: Verbraucherpreisindizes für Deutschland Lange Reihen ab 1948
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Preise/Verbraucherpreisindex/Publikationen/Downloads-Verbraucherpreise/verbraucherpreisindex-lange-reihen-pdf-5611103.pdf
Accident costs
Accident costs have been assumed for all motorised vehicles according to sources from Bundesamt für Straßenwesen and Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt.
Table 7
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Accidents from all motorised transport [1] | 31,470,000,000 | EUR |
| 1 | Total distance driven by all motorised transport [2] | 733,013,937,000 | km |
| 2 | Accident costs per vehicle-km* † | 0.043 | EUR / km |
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle *(0) / (1)$
†Rounded to the nearest thousandth
References
[1]: Bundesamt für Straßenwesen, Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten von Straßenverkehrsunfällen in Deutschland - 2020
https://www.bast.de/DE/Statistik/Unfaelle/volkswirtschaftliche_kosten.pdf
[2]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.1
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html