Buses Germany
Bus statistics
Yearly distance and lifetime distance of buses
Table 1
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Average yearly distance driven per bus [1] | 52,192 | vkm / yr |
| 1 | Average longevity in years [2]* | 12 | yr |
| 2 | Longevity in years.† ‡ | 626,000 | vkm |
* Assumptions: City buses have shorter years of service. 75% of all buses still in service after 12 years.
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle †\text{Product of } (0), (1)$
‡Rounded to the nearest thousand
References
[1]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.26
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html
[2]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Bestand an Kraftfahrzeugen und Kraftfahrzeuganhängern nach Fahrzeugalter, 1. Januar 2022 (FZ 15)"
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Bestand/Fahrzeugalter/fahrzeugalter_node.html?yearFilter=2022
CAPEX
Purchase price of buses
Table 2
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Purchase price - electric bus* | 600,000 | EUR |
| 1 | Purchase price - diesel bus [1]† | 300,000 | EUR |
| 2 | Purchase price - gas bus [2] | 450,000 | EUR |
* Average price of city of Berlins order
† Range 250000 - 350000
References
[1]: German non-profit investigative journalism site.
https://correctiv.org/faktencheck/2019/06/21/ja-30-neue-berliner-elektrobusse-kosten-jeweils-600-000-euro-und-werden-mit-diesel-geheizt-doch-die-klimaanlage-ist-elektrisch/
[2]: German non-profit investigative journalism site.
https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/emissionsfreie-augsburger-busflotte-mobil-mit-dem-eigenen-100.html
OPEX
Fixed yearly operational costs
The fixed yearly operating costs include taxes and insurance. We have not been able to find any data on insurance for buses. Therefore, only taxes have been included in the fixed operational data. Please update the numbers in your boards with insurance costs if you have it.
Table 3
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Tax cost diesel bus [1]* | 995 | EUR |
| 1 | Tax cost gas bus [1]* | 556 | EUR |
| 2 | Tax cost electric bus [1]* | 556 | EUR |
* Assumption for tax: maximum allowed weight 28t, emissions class "S2 or better"
References
[1]: Bundesministerium der Finanzen
https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/DE/Service/Apps_Rechner/KfzRechner/KfzRechner.html
Distance related operational costs
Distance related operational costs mostly consist of service and repair. There was no publicly available data on service data on German buses regardless of fuel type. We have therefore used Swedish data, assuming that the numbers should be similar enough. Please replace the data with local and more recent numbers should you have them available.
Table 4
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Service cost per vehicle-km in SEK 2015, diesel bus [1] | 1.08 | SEK / km |
| 1 | Service cost per vehicle-km in SEK 2015, gas bus [1] | 1.17 | SEK / km |
| 2 | Average exchange rate SEK to EUR 2015 [2] | 0.1069 | EUR / SEK |
| 3 | Service cost per vehicle-km in EUR 2015, diesel bus† | 0.115452 | EUR / km |
| 4 | Service cost per vehicle-km in EUR 2015, gas bus‡ | 0.125073 | EUR / km |
| 5 | Consumer price index Germany 2015, January [3] | 98.5 | EUR |
| 6 | Consumer price index Germany 2022, January [3] | 111.5 | EUR |
| 7 | Price increase 2017 to 2022§ | 1.13197969543147 | |
| 8 | Service cost per vehicle-km 2021, diesel bus¶ ‡‡ | 0.13 | EUR / km |
| 9 | Service cost per vehicle-km 2021, gas bus** ‡‡ | 0.14 | EUR / km |
| 10 | Relation service costs of BEV to ICE vehicles [4]* | 0.7 | |
| 11 | Service cost per vehicle-km 2021, electric bus†† ‡‡ | 0.09 | EUR / km |
* Assumption: similar number applies to buses as well.
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle †\text{Product of } (0), (2)$
$\displaystyle ‡\text{Product of } (1), (2)$
$\displaystyle §(6) / (5)$
$\displaystyle ¶\text{Product of } (3), (7)$
$\displaystyle **\text{Product of } (4), (7)$
$\displaystyle ††\text{Product of } (10), (12)$
‡‡Rounded to the nearest hundredth
References
[1]: Kunskapssammanställning EURO VI, p.6
http://www.ecotraffic.se/media/10613/rapport_7078_-_kortversion_av_bussrapport_version_6.pdf
[2]: UK currency site
https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/SEK-EUR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2015.html
[3]: Statistisches Bundesamt: Verbraucherpreisindizes für Deutschland Lange Reihen ab 1948
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Preise/Verbraucherpreisindex/Publikationen/Downloads-Verbraucherpreise/verbraucherpreisindex-lange-reihen-pdf-5611103.pdf
[4]: Commercial site
https://www.mobilityhouse.com/de_de/ratgeber/tco-vergleich-elektroauto-vs-benziner#wartung
Externalities
Air pollution
Numbers for air pollution caused by buses are incomplete. We have therefore made assumptions based on the data that is available.
For air pollution, we have looked at NOx and particle emissions (PM2.5 and PM10). There are two sources for these emissions - from combustion in the internal combustion engines and from wear and tear of brakes and road abrasion. The emissions from combustion only applies to diesel and gas buses, not to electric ones. The pollution from wear and tear only consists of particulate matter, no NOx and this pollution applies to all buses and we made the assumption that they are equal for all buses, regardless of fuel type.
There are numbers for air pollution from combustion, however we have not found any data on the particle emissions from wear and tear. Therefore, we have not been able to estimate those numbers. If you have estimates, we recommend updating the numbers in your climate board.
The emission data for combustion however only contains numbers for the total particle emissions, no distinction is made between PM2.5 and PM10. We have made the assumption that they are equally distributed between PM2.5 and PM10.
Table 5
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | NOx exhaust emissions - diesel bus [1] | 0.4 | g / kWh |
| 1 | NOx exhaust emissions - gas bus [1] | 0 | g / kWh |
| 2 | PM2.5 exhaust emissions - diesel and gas bus [1]* | 0.005 | g / kWh |
| 3 | PM10 exhaust emissions - diesel and gas bus [1]* | 0.005 | g / kWh |
| 4 | Energy intensity in liters per km, diesel bus [2] | 0.5 | l / vkm |
| 5 | Calorific content of diesel [3] | 9.98 | kWh / l |
| 6 | Energy intensity in kWh per km, diesel bus† §§ | 5 | kWh / vkm |
| 7 | Energy intensity in kWh per km, gas bus [4] | 6 | kWh / vkm |
| 8 | NOx exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, diesel bus‡ | 2 | g / vkm |
| 9 | NOx exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, gas bus§ | 0 | g / vkm |
| 10 | PM2.5 exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, diesel bus¶ | 0.025 | g / vkm |
| 11 | PM2.5 exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, gas bus** | 0.03 | g / vkm |
| 12 | PM10 exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, diesel bus†† | 0.025 | g / vkm |
| 13 | PM10 exhaust emissions per vehicle-km, gas bus‡‡ | 0.03 | g / vkm |
* Assumption: equal distribution of the 0.01g/kWh between PM2.5 and PM10
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle †\text{Product of } (4), (5)$
$\displaystyle ‡\text{Product of } (0), (6)$
$\displaystyle §\text{Product of } (1), (7)$
$\displaystyle ¶\text{Product of } (2), (6)$
$\displaystyle **\text{Product of } (2), (7)$
$\displaystyle ††\text{Product of } (3), (6)$
$\displaystyle ‡‡\text{Product of } (3), (7)$
§§Rounded to the nearest whole
References
[1]: Elektrobusse im ÖPNV, p.37
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/162175/1/Elektrobusse%20im%20ÖPNV%20final.pdf
[2]: Rough estimate based on discussions in forum.
https://www.motor-talk.de/forum/was-verbraucht-ein-bus-nahverkehr-innenstadt-auf-100-km-t1724289.html
[3]: Conversion factors 2021
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2021
[4]: Finnish study from 2010
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2021
Noise costs
The data for noise costs used in this calculation is per inhabitant and the data was for both buses and trams. For ClimateOS, we need the cost per vehicle-km. In order to calculate that cost, we needed the total yearly distance in vehicle-kilometers (Jahresverkehrsleistung), which we could only find for buses. We therefore distributed the cost across buses only, under the assumption that the difference in cost per vehicle-km would be negligible if we had distributed the cost across both trams and buses compared to buses only.
Table 6
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Noise cost from public transport per capita 2017 [1] | 2.7 | EUR |
| 1 | Population of Germany 2017 [2] | 82,800,000 | |
| 2 | Total noise costs from personal vehicles Germany 2017.‡ | 223,560,000 | EUR |
| 3 | Total distance driven by public transport 2017 [3]* | 4,477,254,000 | vkm |
| 4 | Noise cost per vehicle-km 2017§ | 0.0499323915953841 | EUR / vkm |
| 5 | Consumer price index Germany 2017, January [4] | 100.6 | EUR |
| 6 | Consumer price index Germany 2022, January [4] | 111.5 | EUR |
| 7 | Price increase 2017 to 2022¶ | 1.10834990059642 | |
| 8 | Noise cost per vehicle-km 2021, diesel and gas buses** †† | 0.055 | EUR / vkm |
| 9 | Noise cost electric buses [5]† | 0 | EUR / vkm |
* Assumption: Although the cost is for both buses and tramways, the difference in cost is negligible.
† Assumption: electric buses are dramatically more quiet in inner city traffic than their diesel or gas counterparts.
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle ‡\text{Product of } (0), (1)$
$\displaystyle §(2) / (3)$
$\displaystyle ¶(6) / (5)$
$\displaystyle **\text{Product of } (4), (7)$
††Rounded to the nearest thousandth
References
[1]: Mobilitätsforum Bund, NRVP 2020 - Welche Kosten verursachen verschiedene Verkehrsmittel wirklich?
https://www.mobilitaetsforum.bund.de/DE/Themen/Wissenspool/Projekte/Projektbeispiele/Projekte/Downloads/17456_Download_3.pdf
[2]: Statistisches Bundesamt
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/_inhalt.html
[3]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.26
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html
[4]: Statistisches Bundesamt: Verbraucherpreisindizes für Deutschland Lange Reihen ab 1948
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Preise/Verbraucherpreisindex/Publikationen/Downloads-Verbraucherpreise/verbraucherpreisindex-lange-reihen-pdf-5611103.pdf
[5]: Assumed value.
Accident costs
Accident costs have been assumed for all motorised vehicles according to sources from Bundesamt für Straßenwesen and Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt.
Table 7
| name | value | unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Accidents from all motorised transport [1] | 31,470,000,000 | EUR |
| 1 | Total distance driven by all motorised transport [2] | 733,013,937,000 | km |
| 2 | Accident costs per vehicle-km* † | 0.043 | EUR / km |
A number in parentheses represents the row in question
$\displaystyle *(0) / (1)$
†Rounded to the nearest thousandth
References
[1]: Bundesamt für Straßenwesen, Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten von Straßenverkehrsunfällen in Deutschland - 2020
https://www.bast.de/DE/Statistik/Unfaelle/volkswirtschaftliche_kosten.pdf
[2]: Kraftfahrt Bundesamt, file "Verkehr in Kilometern (VK)", tab VK 1.1
https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Kraftverkehr/VerkehrKilometer/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung/vk_inlaenderfahrleistung_node.html